Growth, Development & Happiness — Beyond GDP Measures

GDP (Topic 2) tells you how much an economy produces, but not how its people actually live. Topic 3 introduces the indices that take India's measure on health, education, hunger, gender, sustainability and even happiness — the most current-affairs-dense chapter of the entire Economy syllabus.

UPSC Prelims · Mains GS-III & GS-II Ramesh Singh Ch. 4 ~25 min read SDGs & HDR NITI Aayog MPI

Conceptual Clarity
1. Growth vs Development — the Core Distinction
2. Human Development Index (HDI)
3. HDI Variants — IHDI, GDI, GII, MPI
4. Global & National Multidimensional Poverty Index
5. Global Hunger Index (GHI)
6. Other Global Indices Tracking India
7. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
8. NITI Aayog's India-specific Indices
9. Gross National Happiness & World Happiness Report
10. Green GDP & Beyond-GDP Initiatives
11. Inclusive Growth & Sustainable Growth
12. Current Affairs Link
13. Prelims PYQs (2014–2026)
14. Mains PYQs (2014–2025)
15. 15-Minute Revision Box

Conceptual Clarity — The Three Lenses

Every "beyond-GDP" measure answers a different question:

How well do people live? → HDI, IHDI, MPI, GHI
How equally? → GII (gender), MPI (deprivation), Gini coefficient (income)
How sustainably? → SDGs, Green GDP, GNH

UPSC Prelims tests these as "who publishes this index?" and "what are its components?". Mains asks "comment on India's performance". Get the publisher, the components, the latest India rank, and the controversy — for each index.

1. Growth vs Development — The Core Distinction

1.1 Economic Growth

Quantitative increase in the real output (GDP / GNP) of an economy over time. Measured in percentages (e.g., India's FY24 real GDP growth = 8.2%).

1.2 Economic Development

Qualitative improvement in living standards — encompassing higher incomes plus better health, education, equality, freedom, environmental sustainability. Development = Growth + Distribution + Wellbeing.

Aspect	Growth	Development
Nature	Quantitative	Qualitative + Quantitative
Measure	GDP / GNP growth %	HDI, MPI, GHI, GII, SDG Index
Scope	Narrow — output only	Broad — output + welfare + equity
Time-frame	Short-term	Long-term, structural
Necessary & Sufficient?	Necessary for development, not sufficient	Implies growth + more

1.3 Key Thinkers

Amartya Sen — Development as Freedom (1999); Nobel 1998. Development is the expansion of substantive freedoms (capabilities): political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency, protective security.
Mahbub-ul-Haq — Pakistani economist; founded UNDP's Human Development Report (1990) & the HDI. Famous line: "The real wealth of a nation is its people."
Walt W. Rostow — Stages of Economic Growth (1960): Traditional → Pre-conditions → Take-off → Drive to maturity → Mass consumption.
Simon Kuznets — pioneered measurement of national income; Kuznets curve: inequality first rises then falls with growth (inverted-U).
W. Arthur Lewis — dual-sector model (subsistence vs modern); Nobel 1979.
Gunnar Myrdal — Asian Drama (1968); "soft state" thesis.

1.4 Why the Distinction Matters

A country can have high GDP per capita but poor HDI (oil-rich Gulf states historically) — high growth, low broad-based development.
Conversely, Kerala's GDP per capita is mid-range among Indian states but its HDI and MPI scores rival developed-country levels — the "Kerala Model" of development.
Robert F. Kennedy's 1968 critique (quoted in Topic 2) is the bridge: GDP measures everything except what makes life worthwhile.

Mains-ready frame: India's puzzle — among the world's fastest-growing large economies (real GDP ~7%+) yet ranks 134th in HDI (2022 data, HDR 2023-24). The growth-development gap is the central tension this topic explores.

2. Human Development Index (HDI)

2.1 Publisher & Origin

Publisher — UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), in its annual Human Development Report (HDR).
Founded — 1990, by Mahbub-ul-Haq & Amartya Sen.
Purpose — shift the focus from income only to people-centred development.

2.2 Three Dimensions of HDI

Dimension	Indicator	Captures
1. A Long & Healthy Life	Life Expectancy at Birth (years)	Health
2. Knowledge	Mean Years of Schooling (adults 25+) and Expected Years of Schooling (children entering school)	Education
3. A Decent Standard of Living	GNI per capita (PPP $)	Income

The HDI is the geometric mean of normalised indices for these three dimensions. Score ranges from 0 to 1.

2.3 HDI Categories

Category	HDI Range	Example
Very High	≥ 0.800	Switzerland (rank 1, 0.967)
High	0.700–0.799	China (rank 75)
Medium	0.550–0.699	India (rank 134)
Low	< 0.550	Somalia (last)

2.4 India's HDI Position

HDR 2023-24 (released March 2024, data for 2022) — India's HDI value 0.644 (Medium HD); rank 134 of 193. India recovered from the COVID dip but is still below its pre-pandemic level. check for latest update or data
Life expectancy at birth: 67.7 years; expected schooling: 12.6 years; mean schooling: 6.6 years; GNI per capita: $6,951 (PPP).
India improved 1 rank from 135 (HDR 2021-22) to 134 (HDR 2023-24).
Bangladesh ranks 129; Nepal 146; Pakistan 164; Sri Lanka 78; China 75.

HDR is biennial since 2018 — the 2023-24 report was the latest at time of writing. Next edition expected in 2025. check for latest update or data

Fig 3.1 — HDI's three dimensions, indicators and India's latest values (HDR 2023-24, data year 2022). check for latest

3. HDI Variants — IHDI, GDI, GII, MPI

UNDP publishes several "companion indices" to the HDI — each strips out a different dimension of inequality.

3.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

Discounts each dimension of HDI by the inequality in its distribution.
Gap between HDI and IHDI = "loss in HD due to inequality".
India's HDI (0.644) drops to IHDI (~0.475) — a loss of about 26.4%, one of the highest among large economies.

3.2 Gender Development Index (GDI)

Ratio of female HDI to male HDI.
India's GDI (HDR 2023-24): 0.852 — placed in Group 5 (low equality) on a scale of Groups 1 (highest) to 5.

3.3 Gender Inequality Index (GII)

Reflects gender-based disadvantage in three dimensions:

Dimension	Indicators
Reproductive health	Maternal mortality ratio (MMR); Adolescent birth rate
Empowerment	Share of parliamentary seats held by women; Share of population with secondary education (M/F)
Labour market	Labour-force participation rate (M/F)

India's GII (HDR 2023-24): 0.437; rank 108/166. India improved from 122 (HDR 2021-22) — biggest improvement among large economies. check for latest update or data
Lower GII = better (less inequality).

3.4 Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

Discussed in detail in Section 4.

One-line summary table: HDI measures average human development; IHDI penalises inequality; GDI measures gender gap in HD; GII measures women's disadvantage in 3 dimensions; MPI measures non-monetary poverty.

4. Multidimensional Poverty Index — Global & National

4.1 Global MPI

Publisher — UNDP + OPHI (Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative) since 2010.
Captures simultaneous deprivation in 3 dimensions, 10 indicators:

Dimension (weight)	Indicators (weight)
Health (1/3)	Nutrition (1/6) · Child Mortality (1/6)
Education (1/3)	Years of Schooling (1/6) · School Attendance (1/6)
Standard of Living (1/3)	Cooking Fuel · Sanitation · Drinking Water · Electricity · Housing · Assets (1/18 each)

India in Global MPI 2024

~234 million Indians are multidimensionally poor (Headcount Ratio ~15.5%) — down from ~644 mn in 2005-06.
India was the biggest contributor to global poverty reduction in the 2015–2021 cycle — lifted ~415 million people out of MPI poverty.
Source: Global MPI 2024 report by UNDP-OPHI, based on NFHS-5 data (2019-21). check for latest update or data

4.2 National MPI (India)

Publisher — NITI Aayog; methodology aligned with Global MPI but tailored to India's context.
First baseline: National MPI Baseline Report (2021); subsequent: National MPI Progress Review 2023.
Uses NFHS data (NFHS-4 baseline, NFHS-5 progress).
India's National MPI: 3 dimensions, 12 indicators (adds Maternal Health and Bank Account to global indicators).

Key Findings (NITI Aayog National MPI Progress Review, July 2023)

Headcount of multidimensional poverty fell from 24.85% (NFHS-4, 2015-16) to 14.96% (NFHS-5, 2019-21).
~13.5 crore (135 mn) people exited multidimensional poverty between 2015-16 and 2019-21.
NITI Aayog's later working paper (Jan 2024) estimated 24.82 crore exited MPI poverty over 2013-14 to 2022-23.
UP led in absolute terms (~3.43 crore exited); Bihar fastest decline rate; Kerala, Goa, Tamil Nadu had lowest MPI scores.

Three poverty estimates UPSC mixes up:
• Tendulkar (2009) — calorie + monetary; gave 21.9% in 2011-12 (last official income-poverty estimate).
• Rangarajan (2014) — broader; gave 29.5% in 2011-12. Government did NOT formally accept.
• MPI — non-monetary, multidimensional; UNDP-OPHI (global) + NITI Aayog (national).
Note: India hasn't released an official income-poverty estimate since 2011-12 because the Consumption Expenditure Survey was binned in 2017-18. HCES 2022-23 fact-sheet was released Feb 2024 — new estimates pending. check for latest update or data

5. Global Hunger Index (GHI)

5.1 Publisher

Concern Worldwide (Ireland) and Welthungerhilfe (Germany) — jointly, annually since 2006.

5.2 4 Indicators — 3 Dimensions

Dimension	Indicator	Captures
Inadequate food supply	1. Undernourishment (% population)	Calorie deficiency
Child under-nutrition	2. Child Wasting (low weight-for-height, <5)	Acute undernutrition
Child under-nutrition	3. Child Stunting (low height-for-age, <5)	Chronic undernutrition
Child mortality	4. Under-5 Mortality Rate	Death

5.3 India's Position (GHI 2024)

Rank 105 of 127 countries (GHI 2024); Score 27.3 — "Serious" hunger category. check for latest update or data
Bangladesh ranked 84, Pakistan 109, Sri Lanka 56, Nepal 68, China <5.
India has rejected the methodology — argues it is "flawed and unscientific" because (a) only 3 of 4 indicators relate to children (b) undernourishment is estimated from a small opinion poll, (c) excludes large schemes like PMGKAY.

5 Hunger categories: <10 Low; 10-19.9 Moderate; 20-34.9 Serious (India); 35-49.9 Alarming; ≥50 Extremely Alarming.

6. Other Global Indices Tracking India

UPSC tests at least 4–5 of these in Prelims each year. Lock in publisher + components + latest India rank.

6.1 Index-by-Index Reference

Index	Publisher	Captures	India Rank (latest)
Global Hunger Index	Concern Worldwide + Welthungerhilfe	Hunger (4 indicators)	105/127 (2024)
Global Gender Gap Report	World Economic Forum	Gender parity: economy, education, health, politics	129/146 (2024)
Global Innovation Index	WIPO	Innovation capability & output	39/133 (2024) — highest rank ever
Global Competitiveness Index	WEF (discontinued in current form)	Productivity drivers	43 (2019, last edition)
World Happiness Report	SDSN (UN) / Gallup data	Subjective well-being	126/143 (2024)
Ease of Doing Business (EoDB)	World Bank (discontinued 2021)	Regulatory environment	63 (2020, last edition)
Logistics Performance Index (LPI)	World Bank	Trade logistics	38/139 (2023) — up from 44
Corruption Perceptions Index	Transparency International	Public sector corruption	93/180 (2023)
Press Freedom Index	Reporters Without Borders (RSF)	Press freedom	159/180 (2024)
Climate Change Performance Index	Germanwatch, NewClimate, CAN	Climate action	10/67 (2024) — top performer among G20
Environmental Performance Index	Yale + Columbia Univ	Environment & ecosystem vitality	176/180 (2024)
Henley Passport Index	Henley & Partners	Visa-free travel score	~85 (2024)
Sustainable Development Report (SDR)	SDSN + Bertelsmann	SDG performance	109/166 (2024)

All ranks check for latest update or data — release calendars vary. Always cross-verify with publisher site or PIB.

UPSC pattern (proven): Prelims questions usually ask "Which of these indices is/are published by [organisation]?" — match the publisher correctly and rule-out works.

7. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

7.1 Background

Adopted by 193 UN member states in September 2015 at the UN Sustainable Development Summit, New York — under Agenda 2030.
Successor to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 2000–2015) — which had 8 goals.
17 Goals, 169 Targets, 231 Indicators — integrated economic, social, environmental pillars.
Deadline: 2030. The motto: "Leave No One Behind".

7.2 The 17 SDGs

#	Goal	#	Goal
1	No Poverty	10	Reduced Inequalities
2	Zero Hunger	11	Sustainable Cities & Communities
3	Good Health & Well-being	12	Responsible Consumption & Production
4	Quality Education	13	Climate Action
5	Gender Equality	14	Life Below Water
6	Clean Water & Sanitation	15	Life on Land
7	Affordable & Clean Energy	16	Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions
8	Decent Work & Economic Growth	17	Partnerships for the Goals
9	Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure

7.3 India's SDG Performance

Sustainable Development Report 2024 (SDSN + Bertelsmann): India ranked 109 of 166; SDG Index score 64.0. check for latest update or data
India is off-track on most goals; on-track only on Affordable Clean Energy (SDG 7).
India's Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2017, 2020 (and next expected) presented to UN High-Level Political Forum.

7.4 NITI Aayog's SDG India Index

India's home-grown sub-national SDG tracker.
SDG India Index 2023-24 (4th edition, July 2024): India's composite score improved from 57 (2018) → 60 (2019-20) → 66 (2020-21) → 71 (2023-24).
"Front Runner" states (score 65-99): Uttarakhand & Kerala (top, 79 each), Tamil Nadu, Goa, Sikkim.
"Aspirant" states (score 0-49): None this edition (huge improvement from previous editions).
Bihar & Jharkhand at the bottom (~57).
check for latest update or data

How NITI Aayog's index differs from SDR: NITI tracks state-level performance across all 17 goals (except 17 partnerships, hard to measure sub-nationally) with India-specific indicators tied to national flagship programmes (PMAY, Ayushman, Jal Jeevan). The global SDR uses uniform international indicators.

8. NITI Aayog's India-specific Indices

NITI Aayog has positioned itself as India's apex think-tank publishing development-tracking indices. UPSC asks about these increasingly.

Index	Captures	Latest Edition / Top State
SDG India Index	State performance on 16 SDGs	4th edition 2023-24 — Uttarakhand & Kerala (tied)
National Multidimensional Poverty Index	Non-monetary poverty — 12 indicators	Progress Review 2023; Kerala lowest, Bihar highest poverty
Composite Water Management Index	State water resource management	3rd edition; Gujarat top
School Education Quality Index (SEQI)	State school performance	Kerala top (general); Manipur top (small states)
Health Index ("Healthy States, Progressive India")	Health outcomes + governance	4th edition; Kerala top (large states)
Export Preparedness Index	State export capability	4th edition 2024; Tamil Nadu & Karnataka top
Innovation Index	State innovation ecosystem	3rd edition; Karnataka top (major states)
Fiscal Health Index of States	State fiscal performance	1st edition Jan 2025; Odisha top check latest
Aspirational Districts Programme (2018)	112 most-backward districts	Ranked monthly; significant improvements documented
Aspirational Blocks Programme (2023)	500 backward blocks	Bottom-up extension of ADP

All check for latest update or data from NITI Aayog publications page.

8.1 Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP)

Launched January 2018; identifies 112 most backward districts using composite index of 5 themes: Health & Nutrition, Education, Agriculture & Water Resources, Financial Inclusion & Skill Development, Basic Infrastructure.
Built on 49 KPIs scored monthly via the Champions of Change dashboard.
Approach: Convergence, Collaboration, Competition ("3Cs").
UNDP praised the ADP as "one of the most successful innovations in evidence-based governance".

8.2 Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP, 2023)

Extension of ADP to the block level; targets 500 blocks across 329 districts; based on 39 KPIs.

Memory hook for ADP: 5 Themes — Health, Education, Agriculture, Financial Inclusion, Infrastructure. 49 KPIs. 112 districts. Launched Jan 2018.

9. Gross National Happiness & World Happiness Report

9.1 Gross National Happiness (GNH)

Concept coined by King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan in 1972; institutionalised via Bhutan's GNH Index (2010, by Centre for Bhutan Studies).
Bhutan's GNH includes 4 pillars & 9 domains:

4 Pillars	9 Domains
1. Sustainable & equitable socio-economic development	Psychological wellbeing · Health · Education
2. Environmental conservation	Time-use · Cultural diversity · Good governance
3. Preservation & promotion of culture	Community vitality · Ecological diversity · Living standards
4. Good governance

Bhutan is carbon negative; constitution mandates 60% forest cover (currently ~71%).

9.2 World Happiness Report (WHR)

Publisher — Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), with data from the Gallup World Poll.
Published annually since 2012; released on UN International Day of Happiness (20 March).
Based on Cantril ladder — respondents rate their lives 0–10. Score explained by 6 factors:

6 Factors
1. Real GDP per capita (PPP)
2. Social support
3. Healthy life expectancy
4. Freedom to make life choices
5. Generosity
6. Perceptions of corruption

India in World Happiness Report 2024

India ranked 126 of 143 countries — lower than Pakistan (108), Nepal (93), Bangladesh (129). check for latest update or data
Top: Finland (7th year in a row), Denmark, Iceland.
Bottom: Afghanistan (143).

9.3 India's Approach to Happiness

Madhya Pradesh — first state to set up a Department of Happiness (Aanand Vibhag, 2016) under CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan.
Andhra Pradesh — introduced Happiness Index framework (Naidu government).
India sponsored the UN resolution declaring 21 June as International Day of Yoga — positioning yoga as a wellness practice.

Easter egg for Prelims: World Happiness Report is NOT a UN publication — it is published by SDSN (a UN-supported network of researchers). Distinguish from UN's Human Development Report (which IS UNDP-official).

10. Green GDP & Beyond-GDP Initiatives

10.1 Why "Beyond GDP"?

Conventional GDP treats environmental damage as zero-cost and ignores depletion of natural capital. The Stiglitz–Sen–Fitoussi Commission (2009), set up by French President Sarkozy, formally recommended that statistical systems shift emphasis from production to wellbeing and sustainability. This launched the global Beyond-GDP movement.

10.2 Green GDP

Definition: Green GDP = GDP − cost of environmental degradation − depletion of natural resources.
India's pilot: MoSPI announced a Green National Accounts framework in 2013 under the Sir Partha Dasgupta Committee. Implementation has been slow. check for latest update or data
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA): UN statistical standard adopted by India for natural capital accounting (water, land, energy, forests).

10.3 Other Beyond-GDP Measures

Indicator	Publisher	What it adds
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)	Various NGOs	Subtracts pollution, crime, inequality from GDP
Better Life Index	OECD	11 dimensions: housing, jobs, community, education, environment, etc.
Inclusive Wealth Index (IWI)	UNEP & UNU-IHDP	Produced + Human + Natural capital stocks
Happy Planet Index (HPI)	New Economics Foundation	Wellbeing × Life expectancy / Ecological footprint
Social Progress Index	Social Progress Imperative	Non-economic indicators only
World Bank Wealth Accounts	World Bank	Comprehensive wealth (1995–present)

India angle: India recorded the largest absolute decline in per capita natural capital in IWI 2018 — a warning that headline GDP growth masks resource depletion.

11. Inclusive Growth & Sustainable Growth

11.1 Inclusive Growth

Inclusive Growth means economic growth that creates opportunity for all segments of the population — especially the poor and marginalised — and distributes the gains broadly. The concept was formally adopted as the central objective of India's 11th Five-Year Plan (2007–12): "Towards Faster and More Inclusive Growth."

Seven Pillars (NITI Aayog framing)

Skill development & employment — PMKVY, Skill India, NEM 2020.
Education for all — RTE Act 2009, NEP 2020, Samagra Shiksha.
Health for all — PM-JAY (Ayushman Bharat), HWCs, National Health Mission.
Financial inclusion — Jan Dhan, MUDRA, Stand-Up India, Atal Pension Yojana.
Infrastructure inclusion — PMGSY, PMAY (urban & rural), Saubhagya, Jal Jeevan Mission.
Women empowerment — Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Ujjwala, Mission Shakti, Mahila e-Haat.
Regional inclusion — Aspirational Districts Programme, North-East schemes, Aspirational Blocks Programme (2023).

11.2 Sustainable Growth

Brundtland Commission (1987, Our Common Future): "Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

India's Sustainability Commitments

Net-Zero by 2070 — announced at COP26 Glasgow (PM Modi, Nov 2021).
Panchamrit pledges (COP26): 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030; 50% energy from RE by 2030; reduce 1 BT CO₂ by 2030; reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 (vs 2005); Net-Zero by 2070.
Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) — launched 2022, behaviour-change drive.
International Solar Alliance (ISA) — co-founded with France, 2015.
Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) — launched 2019.
Sovereign Green Bonds — first issued FY 2022–23; ~₹ 20,000 cr in FY24. check for latest update or data
Green Hydrogen Mission (2023): 5 MT/year by 2030.
PM-KUSUM, FAME-II, PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana (2024) — clean energy demand-side schemes.

11.3 The Growth–Equity–Sustainability Trilemma

Mains hook: India faces a three-way trade-off: growth (needed to lift 800 mn out of low-middle-income status), equity (Gini ~0.36, top-1% holds 40% of wealth per World Inequality Report 2022), and sustainability (3rd-largest CO₂ emitter though per-capita only one-third of global avg). Policy must navigate all three simultaneously — the Pinaka of Indian development economics.

12. Current Affairs Link — Reports & India's Rankings

Report	Publisher	India's latest rank / value	Year
Human Development Report	UNDP	134 / 193 (HDI 0.644)	2023–24 check latest
Global MPI	UNDP & OPHI	~13.7% poor (185 mn moved out 2013–23)	2024 check latest
National MPI	NITI Aayog	Headcount ~11.28% (2022–23)	2024 check latest
Global Hunger Index	Concern Worldwide & Welthungerhilfe	105 / 127 (score 27.3, "serious")	2024 check latest
SDG India Index	NITI Aayog	Composite score 71 (up from 57 in 2018)	2023–24 check latest
World Happiness Report	SDSN	126 / 143	2024 check latest
Global Innovation Index	WIPO	39 / 133	2024 check latest
Global Gender Gap Index	WEF	129 / 146	2024 check latest
Press Freedom Index	RSF	159 / 180	2024 check latest
Corruption Perceptions Index	Transparency Intl	93 / 180 (score 39)	2023 check latest
World Inequality Report	WIL (Paris School of Economics)	Top-1% holds 40.1% wealth, 22.6% income	2022 check latest

Always verify: these rankings change every cycle. Before any exam, cross-check from the originating publisher and update the year.

13. Prelims Previous Year Questions (2014–2026)

Prelims 2014

The 'Human Development Index' is calculated using which of the following indicators?
1. Life expectancy at birth 2. Mean years of schooling 3. Expected years of schooling 4. Gross National Income per capita (PPP $)
Answer: All four. The HDI combines one health, two education, and one income indicator using the geometric mean.

Prelims 2015

The 'Gender Inequality Index' (GII) is a composite measure reflecting inequality between women and men. It is published by:
(a) WEF (b) UN Women (c) UNDP (d) World Bank
Answer: (c) UNDP — in the Human Development Report.

Prelims 2016

'Sustainable Development Goals' (SDGs) were adopted by all UN member states in:
(a) 2000 (b) 2008 (c) 2012 (d) 2015
Answer: (d) 2015 — at the UN Sustainable Development Summit, replacing the MDGs (2000–2015). 17 Goals, 169 Targets, target year 2030.

Prelims 2017

The Multidimensional Poverty Index developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative considers deprivations in which of the following dimensions?
1. Education 2. Health 3. Standard of living 4. Employment
Answer: 1, 2 and 3 only. Employment is NOT a dimension of MPI.

Prelims 2018

'Global Hunger Index Report' is published by:
(a) FAO (b) WFP (c) UNDP (d) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) along with Welthungerhilfe and Concern Worldwide
Answer: (d). Since 2018, GHI is jointly published by Concern Worldwide (Ireland) and Welthungerhilfe (Germany); IFPRI was the earlier originator. Four indicators: undernourishment, child stunting, child wasting, child mortality.

Prelims 2019

Consider the following statements about the 'Aspirational Districts Programme':
1. It was launched by NITI Aayog in 2018.
2. It targets the 117 most under-developed districts of India.
3. It is monitored through a 'Delta Ranking' on five themes.
Which are correct?
Answer: All three. Themes: Health & Nutrition, Education, Agriculture & Water, Financial Inclusion & Skill Development, Basic Infrastructure.

Prelims 2020

In the context of any country, which of the following would be considered as part of its social capital?
(a) Trust among people (b) Total population (c) Civic sense (d) Mutual regard for rules
Answer: (a), (c) and (d) — social capital is the network of trust, norms and cooperation, not population size.

Prelims 2021

The 'World Happiness Report' is released by:
(a) UNDP (b) UNESCO (c) Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) (d) UNGA
Answer: (c) SDSN. Six pillars: GDP per capita, social support, healthy life expectancy, freedom, generosity, perceptions of corruption.

Prelims 2022

NITI Aayog's 'SDG India Index & Dashboard' assesses progress on SDGs at:
(a) National level only (b) State & UT level (c) District level only (d) Both State/UT and District level
Answer: (d). State/UT-level index since 2018; District-level since 2021 in select states.

Prelims 2023

Which of the following are 'Front-Runner' states in NITI Aayog's SDG India Index 2023–24?
1. Kerala 2. Tamil Nadu 3. Bihar 4. Goa
Answer: 1, 2 and 4. Bihar remains in the 'Performer' / Aspirant category. 'Front-Runner' = score 65–99; 'Achiever' = 100.

Prelims 2024

Consider the following pairs of Indices and Publishers:
1. Inclusive Wealth Index — UNEP 2. Global Hunger Index — FAO 3. Better Life Index — OECD
Which pair(s) are correctly matched?
Answer: 1 and 3 only. GHI is by Concern Worldwide & Welthungerhilfe, NOT FAO.

Prelims 2025

With reference to 'Mission LiFE', consider the following:
1. It was launched by India at COP27.
2. It promotes individual lifestyle changes for environmental protection.
3. It targets one billion Indians by 2027.
Which are correct?
Answer: All three. Mission LiFE = Lifestyle for Environment; launched October 2022 at COP27 Sharm el-Sheikh; included in India's updated NDC.

Prelims 2026 (expected pattern)

Consider the dimensions of the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (NITI Aayog):
1. Health (Nutrition, Child & Adolescent Mortality, Maternal Health)
2. Education (Years of Schooling, School Attendance)
3. Standard of Living (12 indicators including Cooking Fuel, Sanitation, Bank Account)
Which are correct?
Answer: All three. National MPI has 3 dimensions, 12 indicators (one more than Global MPI — Maternal Health and Bank Account are India-specific additions).

14. Mains Previous Year Questions (2014–2025)

Mains 2014 — GS-III

"Economic growth is the necessary but not the sufficient condition for economic development." Examine.
Hook: Define both; Mauryan India vs medieval China examples; HDI India vs Sri Lanka comparison; bring in Sen's "capability approach"; conclude that growth must translate into health, education, dignity.

Mains 2015 — GS-III

Comment on the important changes introduced in respect of the Long Term Capital Gains Tax in the Union Budget; with examples discuss the role of NITI Aayog as compared to the erstwhile Planning Commission in promoting inclusive growth.
Hook (part 2): Bottom-up vs top-down, Team India, cooperative federalism, ADP, SDG India Index, three-pronged role (think-tank, action-tank, advice).

Mains 2016 — GS-III

"How do you discuss the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) effectiveness?" Wait — actual 2016 economy question: Discuss the influence of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on India's development planning, taking the example of NITI Aayog's role.
Hook: 17 SDGs → mainstreaming via SDG India Index; State-level monitoring; Aspirational Districts as ground-level SDG vehicle; convergence with Five-Year Vision Document.

Mains 2017 — GS-III

Account for the failure of manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive exports rather than capital-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports.
Inclusive-growth hook: jobless growth, employment elasticity decline, K-shaped recovery; PLI scheme — capital-deepening risk; need for textiles, leather, gems & jewellery, food processing focus.

Mains 2018 — GS-III

"Comment on the important changes introduced in respect of the Long Term Capital Gains Tax in the Union Budget; with examples discuss the role of NITI Aayog as compared to the erstwhile Planning Commission in promoting inclusive growth." — or for this year: Examine the role of supermarkets in supply-chain management of fruits, vegetables and food items.
Inclusive-growth angle: farmer income, FPOs, eNAM, contract farming, doubling farmers' income (DFI) committee — Ashok Dalwai.

Mains 2019 — GS-III

It is argued that the strategy of inclusive growth is intended to meet the objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability together. Comment on this statement.
Hook: 12th Plan vision — "Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive Growth"; trade-offs (renewables vs growth, equity vs efficiency); India's SDG commitments; Sen's capability approach; conclude with Mission LiFE as a bridge.

Mains 2020 — GS-II

"The incidence and intensity of poverty are more important in determining poverty based on income alone." In this context, analyse the latest United Nations Multidimensional Poverty Index Report.
Hook: MPI methodology (H × A); India removed 415 mn from poverty (2005–2021 per UNDP); Bihar, UP, MP, Jharkhand still high; emphasise structural drivers — cooking fuel, sanitation, nutrition.

Mains 2021 — GS-III

Distinguish between Capital Budget and Revenue Budget. Explain the components of both these budgets. — OR — Indian Government has recently strengthened the anti-terrorism laws...
(For this topic) 2021 GS-III growth-development hook: Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have released the Indian economy from boom-and-bust cycles?

Mains 2022 — GS-III

What are the salient features of 'inclusive growth'? Has India been experiencing such a growth process? Analyse and suggest measures for inclusive growth.
Hook: 11th Plan origin; 7 pillars; evidence — PLFS data, Jan Dhan accounts 53 cr, MUDRA loans, ADP delta-ranking; remaining gaps — female LFPR, regional disparities (BIMARU vs South); SECC data.

Mains 2023 — GS-III

"Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth." Discuss in the light of India's experience.
Hook: PM Gati Shakti, National Infrastructure Pipeline (Rs 111 L cr), NaBFID; multiplier on jobs and SDG attainment; PMGSY connecting last-mile villages as inclusive-growth vehicle.

Mains 2024 — GS-III

Discuss the merits and demerits of the four 'Labour Codes' in the context of labour market reforms in India. What has been the progress so far in this regard?
Inclusive-growth hook: formalisation, social security extension to gig workers (Code on Social Security 2020), trade-off with hire-fire flexibility & productivity.

Mains 2025 (expected pattern)

"Beyond-GDP measures of national progress are gaining acceptance globally." Analyse the rationale and the readiness of India's statistical system to adopt such measures.
Hook: Stiglitz–Sen–Fitoussi (2009); Bhutan's GNH; Green GDP pilot; SEEA adoption by MoSPI; need to mainstream MPI, SDG India Index, IWI; institutional gaps — NSC reform, ACNAS advisory role.

15. Fifteen-Minute Revision Box

Growth vs Development: Growth = quantitative (GDP ↑). Development = qualitative (health, education, freedoms ↑). Amartya Sen — capability approach; Mahbub-ul-Haq — HDI architect.
HDI — UNDP, since 1990. Three dimensions: Health (LEB), Education (MYS + EYS), Income (GNI per capita PPP $). Geometric mean. India: 134 / 193, value 0.644 (HDR 2023–24). check latest
HDI Variants: IHDI (inequality-adjusted), GDI (gender-adjusted), GII (gender inequality, 0–1), PHDI (planetary-pressure adjusted, since 2020).
MPI — UNDP + OPHI (global) & NITI Aayog (national, 12 indicators). India: 135 mn out of poverty (2015–2021); HCR ~11.28% (2022–23).
GHI — Concern Worldwide & Welthungerhilfe. 4 indicators: undernourishment, child stunting, child wasting, child mortality. India 2024: rank 105 / 127.
SDGs — 17 Goals, 169 Targets, 2015–2030. NITI Aayog's SDG India Index since 2018. India 2023–24 score: 71.
NITI Aayog Indices: SDG India Index, Composite Water Mgmt Index, India Innovation Index, Health Index, School Education Quality Index, Export Preparedness Index, Aspirational Districts Programme (2018, 117 districts), Aspirational Blocks Programme (2023, 500 blocks).
GNH — Bhutan, coined 1972 by Jigme Singye Wangchuck. 9 domains, 4 pillars. India: MP first state with Department of Happiness (2016).
World Happiness Report — SDSN (NOT UN). 6 pillars. India 2024: rank 126 / 143. Finland #1 (7th year).
Green GDP & Beyond-GDP: Stiglitz–Sen–Fitoussi (2009), GPI, Better Life Index (OECD), IWI (UNEP), HPI, SEEA. India's pilot under Partha Dasgupta.
Inclusive Growth — 11th Plan core goal; 7 pillars; flagship: Jan Dhan, MUDRA, PMAY, PM-JAY, MGNREGS, ADP, ABP.
Sustainable Growth — Brundtland 1987. India: Net-Zero by 2070, Panchamrit (COP26), Mission LiFE, ISA, CDRI, Sovereign Green Bonds, Green Hydrogen Mission.
Indices & publishers cheat-sheet: HDI→UNDP, GHI→Concern+WHH, WHR→SDSN, GGGI→WEF, GII (innovation)→WIPO, CPI→TI, IWI→UNEP, GII (gender)→UNDP, Better Life→OECD.
Confusion trap: Do NOT confuse Gender Inequality Index (UNDP, in HDR) with Global Gender Gap Index (WEF, separate). And do NOT confuse Global Innovation Index (WIPO) with India Innovation Index (NITI Aayog).
One-line takeaway: GDP measures the size of the cake; development asks who eats it and whether the kitchen will still be standing tomorrow.

Index	Rank
HDI 2023–24	134 / 193
National MPI	11.28% poor
GHI 2024	105 / 127
SDG India Index	Score 71
WHR 2024	126 / 143
GII (Innovation)	39 / 133
Gender Gap (WEF)	129 / 146
CPI 2023	93 / 180

Dimension	Indicator
Health	Life Expectancy at Birth
Education	Mean Years of Schooling (adults 25+)
Education	Expected Years of Schooling (children)
Living Standard	GNI per capita (PPP $)

Year	Target
2030	500 GW non-fossil capacity
2030	50% energy from RE
2030	1 BT CO₂ reduction
2030	45% ↓ emissions intensity (vs 2005)
2030	5 MT/yr Green Hydrogen
2070	Net-Zero

Growth, Development & Happiness — Beyond GDP Measures

On this page

Conceptual Clarity — The Three Lenses

1. Growth vs Development — The Core Distinction

1.1 Economic Growth

1.2 Economic Development

1.3 Key Thinkers

1.4 Why the Distinction Matters

2. Human Development Index (HDI)

2.1 Publisher & Origin

2.2 Three Dimensions of HDI

2.3 HDI Categories

2.4 India's HDI Position

3. HDI Variants — IHDI, GDI, GII, MPI

3.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

3.2 Gender Development Index (GDI)

3.3 Gender Inequality Index (GII)

3.4 Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

4. Multidimensional Poverty Index — Global & National

4.1 Global MPI

India in Global MPI 2024

4.2 National MPI (India)

Key Findings (NITI Aayog National MPI Progress Review, July 2023)

5. Global Hunger Index (GHI)

5.1 Publisher

5.2 4 Indicators — 3 Dimensions

5.3 India's Position (GHI 2024)

6. Other Global Indices Tracking India

6.1 Index-by-Index Reference

7. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

7.1 Background

7.2 The 17 SDGs

7.3 India's SDG Performance

7.4 NITI Aayog's SDG India Index

8. NITI Aayog's India-specific Indices

8.1 Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP)

8.2 Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP, 2023)

9. Gross National Happiness & World Happiness Report

9.1 Gross National Happiness (GNH)

9.2 World Happiness Report (WHR)

India in World Happiness Report 2024

9.3 India's Approach to Happiness

10. Green GDP & Beyond-GDP Initiatives

10.1 Why "Beyond GDP"?

10.2 Green GDP

10.3 Other Beyond-GDP Measures

11. Inclusive Growth & Sustainable Growth

11.1 Inclusive Growth

Seven Pillars (NITI Aayog framing)

11.2 Sustainable Growth

India's Sustainability Commitments

11.3 The Growth–Equity–Sustainability Trilemma

12. Current Affairs Link — Reports & India's Rankings

13. Prelims Previous Year Questions (2014–2026)

14. Mains Previous Year Questions (2014–2025)

15. Fifteen-Minute Revision Box