Topic 01: Historical Acts 1773–1947, Constituent Assembly, Drafting Committee

Topic 02: Borrowed features, written constitution, federalism with unitary bias

Topic 03: All 25 Parts and 12 Schedules — structure and amendments

Topic 04: Keywords, 42nd Amendment, Kesavananda, Berubari cases

Topic 05: Articles 1–4, States, UTs, reorganisation, integration of princely states

Topic 06: Articles 5–11, Citizenship Act 1955, CAA, NRC, OCI

Topic 07: Articles 12–35, six FRs, writ jurisdiction, landmark cases

Topic 08: Articles 36–51 and 51A — DPSP vs FR, Swaran Singh Committee

Topic 09: Article 368, Golaknath, Kesavananda, Minerva Mills

Topic 10: Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, sessions, legislation, money bills

Topic 11: Election, powers, veto, ordinances, pardoning power

Topic 12: Council of Ministers, collective responsibility, Art.74–75

Topic 13: Westminster model, quasi-federalism, cooperative federalism

Topic 14: Legislative, administrative, financial relations; inter-state

Topic 15: Articles 352, 356, 360 — national, state, financial emergency

Topic 16: Governor's powers, CM, state council of ministers

Topic 17: Vidhan Sabha, Vidhan Parishad, special provisions for states

Topic 18: Union Territories, Fifth & Sixth Schedule, tribal areas

Topic 19: 73rd & 74th Amendments, local self-government

Topic 20: Composition, jurisdiction, judicial review, collegium

Topic 21: HC jurisdiction, subordinate judiciary, Lok Adalats

Topic 22: PIL, judicial activism, NJAC, landmark judgments

Topic 23: UPSC & State Public Service Commissions

Topic 24: Election Commission of India

Topic 25: Finance Commission

Topic 26: National Commissions for SC, ST, BC & Linguistic Minorities

Topic 27: CAG, Attorney General & Advocate General

Topic 28: GST Council, NITI Aayog, Planning Commission & NDC

Topic 29: NHRC, CVC, CBI, CIC & RTI

Topic 30: Lokpal, Lokayuktas, NIA & Disaster Management

Topic 31: NCW, NCM, NCDRC & Child Rights Commission

Topic 32: Regulatory Bodies — SEBI, TRAI, CCI, UGC, IRDAI & Co-operative Societies

Topic 33: Official Language & 8th Schedule

Topic 34: Public Services, Tribunals & Rights/Liabilities of Government

Topic 35: Special Provisions — Reservations & Elections

Topic 36: Anti-Defection Law, Elections, Political Parties & Pressure Groups

Topic 37: Landmark Judgements That Transformed India

Topic 38: Articles, Amendments & Constitutional Reference

Topic 01: Inscriptions, Coins, Literary Sources, Foreign Accounts

Topic 02: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Megalithic & Rock Art

Topic 03: Ahar, Malwa, Kayatha, Jorwe, Savalda, Rangpur Cultures

Topic 04: Discovery, Extent, Phases, Sites, Town Planning, Economy, Decline

Topic 05: Early Vedic (Rig Vedic) & Later Vedic — Aryans, Assemblies, Varna, Ashramas, 16 Sanskaras, Vedic Literature

Topic 06: Gautama Buddha, Four Noble Truths, Buddhist Councils, Mahavira, Pancha Mahavrata, Jain Sects, Heterodox Schools

Topic 07: All 16 Mahajanapadas, Rise of Magadha, Haryanka/Shishunaga/Nanda Dynasties, Society, Admin, NBP Ware, Punch-Marked Coins

Topic 08: Persian Invasion (Cyrus, Darius I, Xerxes), Macedonian Invasion (Alexander), Battle of Hydaspes, Hyphasis Mutiny, Impact on India

Topic 09: Origin theories, Chandragupta–Bindusara–Ashoka–Brihadratha, Kalinga War, Dhamma, Edicts, Arthashastra, Indica, Administration, Economy, Fall

Topic 10: Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Pahlavas, Kushanas (Kanishka), Shungas, Kanvas, Satavahanas (Gautamiputra), Chedi (Kharavela), Mahayana, Gandhara/Mathura/Amravati Art, Indo-Roman Trade

Topic 11: Sri Gupta to Skandagupta, Samudragupta (Allahabad Pillar), Chandragupta II Vikramaditya, Fa-Hien, Kumaragupta–Nalanda, Skandagupta–Huns, Nagara temple, Ajanta, Aryabhata, Kalidasa, Decline

Topic 12: Vakatakas (Harishena, Ajanta later phase), Maitraka–Maukhari–Gauda–Huna, Pushyabhuti–Harshavardhana (Kannauj & Prayag Assembly, Hiuen Tsang), W. Chalukyas of Badami (Pulakeshin II, Aihole–Badami–Pattadakal), Pallavas of Kanchi (Mamalla, Mahabalipuram, Shore Temple, Kailashanatha), Kadamba, W. Ganga, Kalabhra, Bengal–Kamarupa

Topic 01: Pratiharas, Palas, Rashtrakutas, Tripartite Struggle, regional dynasties, society & economy

Topic 02: Vijayalaya to Rajendra I, administration, navy, art & temple architecture

Topic 03: Rajput states, Arab/Ghaznavid/Ghorid invasions, reasons for Turkish success

Topic 04: Slave, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodi — institutions, economy, society & culture

Topic 05: Vijayanagara & Deccan states — polity, economy, art & architecture

Topic 06: Babur to Aurangzeb — administration, mansabdari, revenue, culture, decline

Topic 07: Maratha rise, Shivaji, Peshwas, regional kingdoms in 18th century

Topic 08: Bhakti saints, Sufi orders, syncretism, impact on society & culture

Mod 1: Portuguese, Dutch, French, EIC, Plassey, Buxar, Subsidiary Alliance

Mod 2: Drain of wealth, land revenue, social legislation, press

Mod 3: Revolt of 1857, INC, Moderates vs Extremists, Partition of Bengal

Mod 4: Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, Quit India, Round Table

Mod 5: INA, Bhagat Singh, HSRA, Cabinet Mission, Partition 1947

Mod 1: Temple styles, stupa, cave art, rock-cut, Indo-Islamic

Mod 2: Cave paintings, Mughal miniature, classical dance, music traditions

Mod 3: Sanskrit literature, regional languages, philosophy, UNESCO ICH

Himalayas, plains, plateaus, coastlines

Monsoon, seasons, rainfall patterns

Himalayan & Peninsular rivers, dams

Soil types, crops, agricultural zones

Coal, petroleum, renewable energy

Census data, migration, smart cities

Earthquakes, floods, cyclones, NDMA

Topic 01: Demographic structure, evolution, hierarchy, diversity & unity

Topic 02: Theories of origin, SC issues, caste-vote bank, reservation policy

Topic 03: Tribes in India, joint vs nuclear family, marriage types, kinship systems

Topic 04: Types of regionalism, communalism stages, linguistic states

Topic 05: Community identity, minority rights, Indian vs Western secularism, UCC

Topic 06: Social inequalities, OBC, children, elderly, disabled, transgender rights

Topic 07: Gender wage gap, domestic violence, POSH Act, government initiatives

Topic 08: Urbanization, smart cities, migration, globalization, PIO/OCI diaspora

Continents, oceans, major landforms

Landform evolution, erosion, deposition

Atmospheric layers, winds, climate zones

Ocean currents, tides, marine resources

Five-year plans, NITI Aayog, vision 2047

GDP, HDI, poverty measures, inequality

Union Budget, taxation, deficit types

RBI, CRR, SLR, repo rate, inflation

MSP, PDS, crop insurance, PM-KISAN

Make in India, PLI, industrial policy

Exports, imports, WTO, trade agreements

Capital markets, SEBI, Jan Dhan

Roads, railways, ports, energy

Health, education, welfare schemes

GST structure, direct taxes, tax reforms

Hotspots, protected areas, IUCN, CBD

UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, NDC, IPCC

EPA, Forest Act, EIA, NGT

Air, water, soil, solid waste management

Types, functions, services, restoration

CITES, Ramsar, Montreal Protocol

Missions, PSLV, GSLV, Chandrayaan, Gaganyaan

DRDO, missiles, indigenisation, drones

GM crops, CRISPR, vaccines, biosafety

AI policy, data protection, cyber laws

Nuclear doctrine, reactors, NSG

Non-alignment, strategic autonomy, Neighbourhood First

USA, China, Russia, Pakistan, neighbours

UN, WTO, IMF, World Bank, BRICS, SCO

Indo-Pacific, Arctic, South China Sea

Digital India, DBT, e-services

SC/ST, OBC, minorities, gender justice

NHM, Ayushman, NEP 2020, RTE

RTI Act, Lokpal, whistleblowers

Topic 01: State & non-state actors, proxy war, CPEC, Operation Sindoor

Topic 02: Six land borders, guarding forces, BADP, CIBMS, vibrant villages

Topic 03: Three-tier architecture, IMAC, NC3I, SAGAR to MAHASAGAR

Topic 04: Types, terror funding sources, FATF, UAPA, NIA, Operation Sindoor

Topic 05: Maoist ideology, Naxalbari, Red Corridor, SAMADHAN doctrine

Topic 06: Naga & Manipur insurgency, AFSPA, peace accords, Act East Policy

Topic 07: Article 370 abrogation, proxy war, counter-insurgency, Pahalgam 2025

Topic 08: Radicalisation, communal violence, regionalism, digital disinformation

Topic 09: CIA triad, cyber attacks, CERT-In, NCIIPC, DPDP Act 2023

Topic 10: Social media impact, fake news, IT Rules 2021, DPDP Act

Topic 11: PMLA, ED, FIU-IND, FATF, crime-terror nexus, BNS 2023

Topic 12: CAPF, intelligence agencies, AFSPA, NSC, NSA, CDS, theaterisation

Topic 13: Police Act 1861, Prakash Singh case, Model Police Act, CCTNS

Topic 01: Essence, determinants, dimensions of ethics, human values

Topic 02: ABC model, cognitive dissonance, prejudice, attitude change

Topic 03: Integrity, impartiality, compassion, dedication to public service

Topic 04: Goleman model, EI in governance and administration

Topic 05: Gandhi, Ambedkar, Kautilya, Vivekananda, Tagore

Topic 06: Kant, Mill, Aristotle, Rawls, virtue ethics, utilitarianism

Topic 07: Codes of conduct, corporate governance, stakeholder theory

Topic 08: Integrity, accountability, RTI, whistleblowers, citizen charter

Topic 09: Ethical dilemmas, decision frameworks, GS4 case studies

Latest month: Parliament session, economic data, international events

Apr 2026: Elections, budget session, global events

Mar 2026: Supreme Court judgments, policy updates

Feb 2026: Union Budget 2026-27, diplomacy

Jan 2026: New year policy announcements, summits

Second half 2025 compilation for UPSC 2026/27

Complete 2024 compilation — essential for UPSC 2026